behaviourism

简明释义

英[bɪˈheɪvjərɪzəm]美[bɪˈheɪvjərɪzəm]

n. 行为主义

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.Behaviourism leaves out of account consciousness and introspection.

行为主义不把意识和内省考虑在内。

2.Behaviourism leaves out of account consciousness and introspection.

行为主义不把意识和内省考虑在内。

3.The school adopted a behaviourism 行为主义 approach to improve student discipline.

学校采用了行为主义 行为主义的方法来改善学生的纪律。

4.Many therapists use behaviourism 行为主义 techniques to help clients change negative habits.

许多治疗师使用行为主义 行为主义技术来帮助客户改变消极习惯。

5.Critics argue that behaviourism 行为主义 overlooks internal mental processes.

批评者认为行为主义 行为主义忽视了内部心理过程。

6.In psychology classes, we often discuss the principles of behaviourism 行为主义 and how they apply to learning.

在心理学课程中，我们经常讨论行为主义 行为主义的原则及其在学习中的应用。

7.Skinner's experiments are foundational to the study of behaviourism 行为主义 in psychology.

斯金纳的实验是心理学中研究行为主义 行为主义的基础。

作文

The study of psychology has evolved over the years, and one of the most influential schools of thought is known as behaviourism. 行为主义 focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states. This approach was developed in the early 20th century by psychologists such as John B. Watson and later expanded by B.F. Skinner. They believed that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment, and thus, understanding these interactions can help us predict and control behavior.One of the key principles of behaviourism is the idea that behavior can be measured and modified through reinforcement and punishment. For instance, if a child receives praise for completing their homework, they are likely to repeat that behavior in the future. Conversely, if they are scolded for not doing their homework, they may avoid that behavior to escape negative feedback. This concept of conditioning, both classical and operant, is central to behaviourism.Classical conditioning, first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs showed that they could learn to associate the sound of a bell with food, leading them to salivate at the sound alone. This concept laid the groundwork for understanding how stimuli can influence behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning, associated with B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the role of reinforcement. Skinner used devices known as Skinner boxes to study how animals, such as rats and pigeons, would learn to perform certain actions to receive rewards or avoid punishments.The implications of behaviourism extend beyond the laboratory; they have practical applications in various fields, including education, therapy, and even marketing. In educational settings, teachers often use positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior and academic performance. For example, students who complete their assignments on time might receive extra credit or verbal praise. This strategy aligns with the behaviourism principle that positive outcomes increase the likelihood of repeated behaviors.In therapy, behaviourism has led to the development of behavior modification techniques that aim to change maladaptive behaviors. Techniques such as systematic desensitization and token economies are grounded in behaviourist principles, helping individuals overcome fears or develop new skills through structured reinforcement.Despite its contributions, behaviourism has faced criticism for neglecting the cognitive processes that underlie behavior. Critics argue that human thoughts, emotions, and motivations play a crucial role in shaping behavior, which cannot be fully understood through observable actions alone. This critique led to the emergence of cognitive psychology, which seeks to explore the mental processes behind behavior.In conclusion, behaviourism remains a significant perspective in psychology, providing valuable insights into how behaviors are learned and modified. While it may not encompass the entirety of human experience, its focus on observable behavior has paved the way for practical applications in various domains. As we continue to explore the complexities of human behavior, integrating the principles of behaviourism with other psychological theories will enhance our understanding of the mind and behavior.

心理学的研究随着时间的推移而不断发展，其中一个最有影响力的思想流派被称为行为主义。行为主义专注于可观察的行为，而不是内部心理状态。这种方法是在20世纪初由心理学家约翰·B·沃森发展起来的，后来由B.F.斯金纳进一步扩展。他们相信，所有行为都是通过与环境的互动学习而来的，因此，理解这些互动可以帮助我们预测和控制行为。行为主义的一个关键原则是行为可以通过强化和惩罚来测量和修改。例如，如果一个孩子因完成作业而受到表扬，他们很可能在未来重复这种行为。相反，如果他们因未完成作业而受到责骂，他们可能会避免那种行为以逃避负面反馈。这种条件反射的概念，无论是经典条件反射还是操作条件反射，都是行为主义的核心。经典条件反射首先由伊万·巴甫洛夫证明，涉及通过联想学习。巴甫洛夫著名的狗实验表明，它们可以学会将铃声与食物联系在一起，从而仅凭铃声就开始流口水。这个概念为理解刺激如何影响行为奠定了基础。另一方面，操作条件反射与B.F.斯金纳相关，强调强化的作用。斯金纳使用被称为斯金纳箱的装置来研究动物（如老鼠和鸽子）如何学习执行某些动作以获得奖励或避免惩罚。行为主义的影响超越了实验室，在教育、治疗甚至市场营销等各个领域都有实际应用。在教育环境中，教师通常使用积极强化来鼓励良好的行为和学业表现。例如，按时完成作业的学生可能会获得额外学分或口头表扬。这一策略与行为主义的原则一致，即积极结果增加了重复行为的可能性。在治疗中，行为主义导致了行为修正技术的发展，旨在改变不适应行为。系统脱敏和代币经济等技术基于行为主义原则，帮助个人克服恐惧或通过结构化强化发展新技能。尽管有其贡献，但行为主义因忽视行为背后的认知过程而受到批评。批评者认为，人类的思想、情感和动机在塑造行为中起着至关重要的作用，这不能仅通过可观察的行为来充分理解。这一批评导致了认知心理学的出现，后者试图探索行为背后的心理过程。总之，行为主义仍然是心理学中的一个重要视角，为我们提供了关于行为如何学习和修改的宝贵见解。虽然它可能无法涵盖人类经验的全部，但它对可观察行为的关注为各个领域的实际应用铺平了道路。随着我们继续探索人类行为的复杂性，将行为主义的原则与其他心理学理论结合起来，将增强我们对心智和行为的理解。