acyl halide

简明释义

1. 酰基卤; 2. 卤化酰基;

英英释义

例句

1.In organic chemistry, an acyl halide can be used to convert amines into amides.

在有机化学中，酰卤可用于将胺转化为酰胺。

2.The synthesis of esters often involves the reaction of an alcohol with an acyl halide.

酯的合成通常涉及醇与酰卤的反应。

3.When reacting with water, an acyl halide will hydrolyze to form a carboxylic acid.

当与水反应时，酰卤会水解形成羧酸。

4.The formation of an acyl halide from a carboxylic acid is typically achieved using thionyl chloride.

从羧酸形成酰卤通常是通过使用亚硫酰氯实现的。

5.In the laboratory, we often use acyl halides as reactive intermediates.

在实验室中，我们常常将酰卤用作反应中间体。

作文

In the realm of organic chemistry, the term acyl halide refers to a specific class of compounds that are derived from carboxylic acids. These compounds are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) directly attached to a halogen atom. The general formula for an acyl halide can be represented as RCOX, where R is an alkyl or aryl group, C is the carbonyl carbon, O is the oxygen atom, and X represents the halogen (such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine). This structural configuration gives acyl halides their unique reactivity and makes them valuable intermediates in various chemical syntheses.One of the most notable properties of acyl halides is their ability to undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions. In these reactions, the halogen atom can be replaced by various nucleophiles, such as alcohols or amines, leading to the formation of esters or amides, respectively. This versatility in reactivity is one of the reasons why acyl halides are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. For instance, the conversion of an acyl halide to an ester through reaction with an alcohol is a fundamental transformation utilized in the synthesis of numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals.The preparation of acyl halides typically involves the reaction of a carboxylic acid with a reagent such as thionyl chloride (SOCl2), phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), or oxalyl chloride (COCl)2. These reagents facilitate the replacement of the hydroxyl group (-OH) in the carboxylic acid with a halogen atom, resulting in the formation of the corresponding acyl halide. For example, when acetic acid (CH3COOH) is treated with thionyl chloride, acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) is produced. This process not only generates the acyl halide but also releases gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), making it a convenient method for synthesis.Despite their utility, acyl halides must be handled with care due to their highly reactive nature. They can cause severe burns upon contact with skin and can release toxic fumes when reacted with water or moisture in the air. Therefore, proper safety measures, including the use of personal protective equipment and fume hoods, are essential when working with these compounds in the laboratory.In conclusion, acyl halides are an important class of organic compounds that serve as key intermediates in synthetic chemistry. Their ability to participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions allows chemists to create a wide variety of functional groups, making them invaluable in the development of new drugs and materials. Understanding the properties and reactions of acyl halides is crucial for anyone pursuing a career in chemistry, as they play a significant role in many chemical transformations and applications. As research continues to advance in the field of organic synthesis, acyl halides will undoubtedly remain a focal point of study and exploration.

在有机化学领域，术语酰卤指的是一类特定的化合物，这些化合物源自羧酸。这些化合物的特点是碳基团（C=O）直接与卤素原子相连。酰卤的通式可以表示为RCOX，其中R是烷基或芳基，C是羰基碳，O是氧原子，X代表卤素（如氯、溴或碘）。这种结构配置赋予了酰卤独特的反应性，使其成为各种化学合成中的宝贵中间体。酰卤最显著的特性之一是它们能够进行亲核酰基取代反应。在这些反应中，卤素原子可以被各种亲核试剂替换，如醇或胺，从而形成酯或酰胺。这种反应的多样性是酰卤在合成有机化学中广泛应用的原因之一。例如，通过与醇反应将酰卤转化为酯是一种基本的转化过程，在合成众多天然产物和药物中得到了应用。酰卤的制备通常涉及羧酸与硫酰氯（SOCl2）、五氯化磷（PCl5）或氯化氧化物（COCl）2等试剂的反应。这些试剂促进羧酸中羟基（-OH）被卤素原子取代，从而生成相应的酰卤。例如，当醋酸（CH3COOH）与硫酰氯反应时，会生成乙酰氯（CH3COCl）。这个过程不仅生成了酰卤，还释放出二氧化硫（SO2）等气体，使其成为一种方便的合成方法。尽管酰卤具有实用性，但由于其高度反应性，必须小心处理。它们接触皮肤时可能会造成严重烧伤，并且在与水或空气中的湿气反应时会释放有毒烟雾。因此，在实验室中处理这些化合物时，采取适当的安全措施，包括使用个人防护装备和通风柜，是至关重要的。总之，酰卤是一类重要的有机化合物，作为合成化学中的关键中间体。它们参与亲核取代反应的能力使化学家能够创造出各种功能团，使其在新药和材料的开发中不可或缺。理解酰卤的性质和反应对于任何追求化学职业的人来说都是至关重要的，因为它们在许多化学转化和应用中发挥着重要作用。随着研究在有机合成领域的不断进展，酰卤无疑将继续成为研究和探索的重点。