marginal revolution

简明释义

边际革命

英英释义

例句

1.Economists often refer to the marginal revolution 边际革命 when discussing the foundations of modern microeconomics.

经济学家在讨论现代微观经济学的基础时，常常提到边际革命 边际革命。

2.The concept of utility was transformed during the marginal revolution 边际革命, leading to new ways of thinking about consumer choice.

在边际革命 边际革命期间，效用的概念发生了转变，导致了关于消费者选择的新思维方式。

3.Many argue that the marginal revolution 边际革命 marked a significant shift in economic theory.

许多人认为边际革命 边际革命标志着经济理论的重大转变。

4.Understanding the marginal revolution 边际革命 is crucial for students pursuing a degree in economics.

理解边际革命 边际革命对追求经济学学位的学生至关重要。

5.The marginal revolution 边际革命 introduced the idea that decisions are made at the margin, influencing policy-making.

在边际革命 边际革命中引入了在边际上做出决策的理念，这影响了政策制定。

作文

The term marginal revolution refers to a pivotal shift in economic thought that occurred in the late 19th century. This revolution fundamentally changed the way economists understand value and utility. Prior to this period, classical economics, largely influenced by figures such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, focused on labor theory of value. According to this theory, the value of a good was determined by the amount of labor required to produce it. However, the marginal revolution introduced a new perspective, emphasizing the importance of marginal utility in determining value.The concept of marginal utility suggests that the value of a good is not solely based on the labor invested in its production, but rather on the satisfaction or utility that an individual derives from consuming an additional unit of that good. This idea was famously articulated by economists such as Carl Menger, William Stanley Jevons, and Léon Walras, who are often credited with independently developing the theory around the same time. Their work laid the foundation for what is now known as neoclassical economics.One of the key implications of the marginal revolution is the understanding of consumer choice. Consumers make decisions based on the additional satisfaction they expect to gain from consuming one more unit of a product. This leads to the concept of diminishing marginal utility, which states that as a person consumes more of a good, the additional satisfaction gained from each subsequent unit decreases. For example, consider a person eating slices of pizza. The first slice may provide significant satisfaction, but by the fourth or fifth slice, the enjoyment diminishes. This principle helps explain why consumers are willing to pay different prices for different quantities of a good.Furthermore, the marginal revolution also transformed the analysis of production and resource allocation. It introduced the idea that firms aim to maximize profits by equating marginal cost with marginal revenue. In other words, businesses will continue to produce additional units of a good until the cost of producing one more unit equals the revenue generated from selling it. This insight has profound implications for understanding market behavior and the determination of prices.The contributions of the marginal revolution extend beyond theoretical frameworks; they have practical applications in various fields, including public policy, welfare economics, and behavioral economics. Policymakers can use the principles derived from marginal utility to design effective taxation systems, subsidies, and regulations that align with consumer preferences and societal welfare.In contemporary discussions, the marginal revolution remains relevant as it addresses fundamental questions regarding human behavior and decision-making processes. Economists continue to explore how individuals assess trade-offs, make choices under constraints, and respond to incentives. The insights gained from this revolution have shaped modern economic analysis and continue to influence research and policy debates.In conclusion, the marginal revolution signifies a crucial evolution in economic thought that redefined the understanding of value, utility, and consumer behavior. By shifting the focus from labor-based value to the subjective nature of utility, it provided a more comprehensive framework for analyzing economic phenomena. As we navigate the complexities of today's economy, the principles established during the marginal revolution remain indispensable for both economists and policymakers alike.

“边际革命”一词指的是19世纪晚期经济思想的一个重要转变。这场革命从根本上改变了经济学家对价值和效用的理解。在这个时期之前，古典经济学，主要受到亚当·斯密和大卫·李嘉图等人物的影响，专注于劳动价值理论。根据这一理论，商品的价值由生产所需的劳动量决定。然而，“边际革命”引入了一种新的视角，强调边际效用在确定价值中的重要性。边际效用的概念表明，商品的价值不仅仅基于生产中投入的劳动，而是基于个人从消费该商品的额外单位中获得的满足感或效用。这个观点由卡尔·门格尔、威廉·斯坦利·杰文斯和莱昂·瓦尔拉斯等经济学家著名地阐述，他们常常被认为是在同一时间独立发展这一理论的人。他们的工作为现在被称为新古典经济学奠定了基础。“边际革命”的一个关键含义是对消费者选择的理解。消费者的决策基于他们预计从消费产品的额外单位中获得的额外满足感。这导致了边际效用递减的概念，该概念指出，随着一个人消费更多的商品，从每个后续单位获得的额外满足感会减少。例如，考虑一个人在吃披萨。第一片可能带来显著的满足感，但到了第四或第五片时，享受程度就会下降。这个原则有助于解释为什么消费者愿意为不同数量的商品支付不同的价格。此外，“边际革命”还改变了生产和资源配置的分析。它引入了企业通过将边际成本与边际收入相等来最大化利润的理念。换句话说，企业会继续生产额外单位的商品，直到生产一个额外单位的成本等于销售它所产生的收入。这一见解对理解市场行为和价格的决定具有深远的影响。“边际革命”的贡献超越了理论框架；它在公共政策、福利经济学和行为经济学等多个领域具有实际应用。政策制定者可以利用边际效用导出的原则设计有效的税收制度、补贴和法规，以符合消费者偏好和社会福利。在当代讨论中，“边际革命”依然相关，因为它解决了关于人类行为和决策过程的基本问题。经济学家们继续探索个人如何评估权衡、在约束条件下做出选择以及对激励的反应。从这场革命中获得的洞察塑造了现代经济分析，并继续影响研究和政策辩论。总之，“边际革命”标志着经济思想的重要演变，重新定义了对价值、效用和消费者行为的理解。通过将重点从基于劳动的价值转向效用的主观性质，它提供了一个更全面的框架来分析经济现象。当我们在当今经济的复杂性中航行时，“边际革命”期间建立的原则对经济学家和政策制定者而言仍然不可或缺。