imperfect competition

简明释义

不完全竟争

英英释义

例句

1.The presence of brand loyalty can lead to imperfect competition in the consumer goods sector.

品牌忠诚度的存在可以导致消费品行业出现不完全竞争。

2.Monopolistic competition is a form of imperfect competition where many firms sell similar but not identical products.

垄断性竞争是一种不完全竞争的形式，其中许多公司销售类似但不完全相同的产品。

3.When analyzing imperfect competition, economists often consider product differentiation.

在分析不完全竞争时，经济学家通常会考虑产品差异化。

4.In a market characterized by imperfect competition, firms have some control over prices.

在一个以不完全竞争为特征的市场中，企业对价格有一定的控制权。

5.In industries with imperfect competition, barriers to entry can limit new firms from entering the market.

在不完全竞争的行业中，进入壁垒可能限制新公司进入市场。

作文

Imperfect competition refers to a market structure that does not meet the conditions of perfect competition. In a perfectly competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers, all of whom have perfect information, and products are homogeneous. However, in an imperfect competition (不完全竞争) scenario, these conditions are not fully satisfied. This can lead to a variety of market outcomes, including monopolistic competition and oligopoly.One of the primary characteristics of imperfect competition (不完全竞争) is the presence of product differentiation. Unlike in perfect competition, where products are identical, firms in an imperfect competition (不完全竞争) market often offer products that are slightly different from each other. This differentiation allows firms to gain some degree of market power, enabling them to set prices above marginal cost. For instance, consider the smartphone market, where various brands offer devices with unique features, designs, and operating systems. This differentiation creates brand loyalty among consumers, allowing companies to charge higher prices than they would be able to in a perfectly competitive market.Another important aspect of imperfect competition (不完全竞争) is the existence of barriers to entry. In a perfectly competitive market, new firms can easily enter and exit the market. However, in an imperfect competition (不完全竞争) setting, barriers such as high startup costs, access to distribution channels, and regulatory requirements can prevent new competitors from entering the market. For example, the pharmaceutical industry often faces significant barriers due to the extensive research and development required to bring a new drug to market, as well as the regulatory approvals needed. As a result, existing firms can maintain their market power and profitability over time.The consequences of imperfect competition (不完全竞争) can be both positive and negative. On the positive side, product differentiation can lead to greater consumer choice and innovation. Firms may invest in research and development to create new and improved products, benefiting consumers with better options. However, on the downside, imperfect competition (不完全竞争) can also lead to higher prices and reduced output compared to a perfectly competitive market. Consumers may end up paying more for products that are not necessarily better than those available in a competitive market.Furthermore, imperfect competition (不完全竞争) can result in market inefficiencies. When firms have market power, they may produce less than the socially optimal quantity of goods, leading to a deadweight loss. This inefficiency can have broader economic implications, as resources may not be allocated in the most efficient manner.In conclusion, understanding imperfect competition (不完全竞争) is crucial for analyzing real-world markets. While it deviates from the idealized model of perfect competition, it provides a more accurate representation of how many industries operate today. By recognizing the characteristics and consequences of imperfect competition (不完全竞争), policymakers and economists can better address the challenges and opportunities that arise in these markets. Ultimately, the study of imperfect competition (不完全竞争) helps us understand the complexities of economic behavior and the importance of regulation in promoting fair competition and protecting consumer interests.

不完全竞争指的是一种市场结构，它不符合完全竞争的条件。在完全竞争市场中，有许多买家和卖家，所有人都有完美的信息，产品是同质的。然而，在不完全竞争的情况下，这些条件并没有得到充分满足。这可能导致各种市场结果，包括垄断竞争和寡头垄断。不完全竞争的一个主要特征是产品差异化。与完全竞争中产品相同的情况不同，不完全竞争市场中的公司通常提供略有不同的产品。这种差异化使公司获得了一定程度的市场权力，使它们能够将价格设定在边际成本之上。例如，考虑智能手机市场，各个品牌提供具有独特功能、设计和操作系统的设备。这种差异化在消费者中创造了品牌忠诚度，使公司能够收取高于完全竞争市场中能够收取的价格。不完全竞争的另一个重要方面是进入壁垒的存在。在完全竞争市场中，新公司可以轻松进入和退出市场。然而，在不完全竞争的环境中，高启动成本、获取分销渠道和监管要求等壁垒可能阻止新竞争者进入市场。例如，制药行业由于需要大量的研究和开发才能将新药推向市场，以及所需的监管批准，往往面临重大壁垒。因此，现有公司可以维持其市场权力和长期盈利能力。不完全竞争的后果可能是积极的，也可能是消极的。从积极的一面来看，产品差异化可以带来更多的消费者选择和创新。公司可能会投资于研发，以创造新产品和改进产品，给消费者带来更好的选择。然而，从消极的一面来看，不完全竞争也可能导致价格上涨和产出减少，这与完全竞争市场相比。消费者可能会为那些不一定比竞争市场中可用的产品更好的产品支付更多的费用。此外，不完全竞争还可能导致市场低效。当公司拥有市场权力时，它们可能生产的商品数量少于社会最优数量，导致死重损失。这种低效可能产生更广泛的经济影响，因为资源可能没有以最有效的方式配置。总之，理解不完全竞争对于分析现实世界的市场至关重要。尽管它偏离了完全竞争的理想模型，但它提供了对许多行业今天如何运作的更准确的描述。通过认识到不完全竞争的特征和后果，政策制定者和经济学家可以更好地应对这些市场中出现的挑战和机遇。最终，不完全竞争的研究帮助我们理解经济行为的复杂性以及在促进公平竞争和保护消费者利益方面监管的重要性。