Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion

简明释义

希克斯一卡尔多福利标准

英英释义

例句

1.In our economic analysis, we applied the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion to evaluate the efficiency of resource allocation.

在我们的经济分析中，我们应用了希克斯—卡尔多福利标准来评估资源配置的效率。

2.The government used the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion to assess the impact of the new tax policy on social welfare.

政府使用希克斯—卡尔多福利标准来评估新税收政策对社会福利的影响。

3.According to the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion, a policy is considered beneficial if the winners could compensate the losers.

根据希克斯—卡尔多福利标准，如果赢家能够补偿输家，则该政策被认为是有益的。

4.The Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion provides a framework for evaluating changes in welfare from economic policies.

希克斯—卡尔多福利标准提供了一个评估经济政策福利变化的框架。

5.Critics argue that the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion does not account for distributional equity.

批评者认为希克斯—卡尔多福利标准没有考虑分配公平性。

作文

The concept of the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion is a significant principle in welfare economics, which evaluates the efficiency of economic policies and their impacts on social welfare. Named after economists John Hicks and Nicholas Kaldor, this criterion provides a framework for assessing whether a particular policy change can lead to a net gain in social welfare. Essentially, it suggests that if the winners from a policy change could theoretically compensate the losers and still be better off, then the policy can be considered an improvement in terms of social welfare.To understand the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion, we must first look at its foundational concepts. Welfare economics focuses on the well-being of individuals within an economy, aiming to evaluate how different economic policies affect their welfare. The criterion posits that a policy is deemed beneficial if those who gain from it can provide compensation to those who lose, thus ensuring that no one is worse off as a result of the policy change.This idea aligns closely with the notion of Pareto efficiency, where resources are allocated in a way that any reallocation would harm at least one individual. However, the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion extends beyond Pareto efficiency by allowing for the possibility of compensating those who lose out. This aspect is crucial because it acknowledges that real-world scenarios often involve trade-offs where some parties benefit while others may suffer losses.An example of applying the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion can be seen in environmental policies. Suppose a government implements a tax on carbon emissions to reduce pollution. While this policy may increase costs for certain industries, it also leads to cleaner air and health benefits for the broader population. According to the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion, if the gains from improved public health and environmental quality exceed the losses incurred by the taxed industries, then the policy can be justified as enhancing overall social welfare.Critics of the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion argue that its reliance on hypothetical compensation can be unrealistic. In practice, the actual redistribution of wealth and resources may not occur, leaving those who lose out without support. Furthermore, the criterion does not account for the distributional effects of policies, which can lead to increased inequality. Thus, while the criterion serves as a useful tool for evaluating policy changes, it should be applied alongside other measures that consider equity and fairness.In conclusion, the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion offers a valuable perspective in welfare economics by emphasizing the importance of potential compensation in assessing policy changes. It encourages policymakers to consider not only the efficiency of their decisions but also the broader implications for social welfare. As economies continue to evolve and face new challenges, understanding frameworks like the Hicks—Kaldor welfare criterion will be essential for creating policies that promote equitable growth and enhance the well-being of all individuals in society.

《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》是福利经济学中的一个重要原则，用于评估经济政策的效率及其对社会福利的影响。该标准以经济学家约翰·希克斯和尼古拉斯·卡尔多的名字命名，提供了一个框架，用于评估某一政策变化是否能够导致社会福利的净增。其本质是，如果政策变更中的受益者理论上可以补偿失利者，并且仍然处于更好的状态，那么该政策就可以被视为对社会福利的改善。要理解《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》，我们首先需要了解其基础概念。福利经济学关注的是经济中个体的福祉，旨在评估不同经济政策如何影响他们的福利。该标准提出，如果那些从政策中获益的人能够向失利者提供补偿，从而确保没有人因政策变化而处于更糟的境地，那么该政策就被认为是有益的。这一观点与帕累托效率的概念密切相关，后者强调资源的配置方式，使得任何重新分配都将损害至少一位个人。然而，《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》超越了帕累托效率，允许补偿那些受到损失的人。这一点至关重要，因为它承认现实世界场景往往涉及权衡，一些利益方受益，而其他方可能遭受损失。应用《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》的一个例子可以在环境政策中看到。假设政府实施了一项碳排放税，以减少污染。虽然这一政策可能会增加某些行业的成本，但它也会为更广泛的人群带来更清洁的空气和健康益处。根据《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》，如果改善公共健康和环境质量所带来的收益超过被征税行业所遭受的损失，那么该政策就可以被证明是增强整体社会福利的合理选择。批评者指出，《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》依赖于假设补偿的做法可能不切实际。在实践中，财富和资源的实际再分配可能不会发生，这使得那些失利的人得不到支持。此外，该标准并未考虑政策的分配效应，这可能导致不平等加剧。因此，虽然该标准作为评估政策变化的有用工具，但应与其他考虑公平性和公正性的措施结合使用。总之，《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》通过强调在评估政策变化时潜在补偿的重要性，为福利经济学提供了有价值的视角。它鼓励政策制定者不仅考虑决策的效率，还考虑对社会福利的更广泛影响。随着经济的不断发展和面临新挑战，理解像《希克斯—卡尔多福利标准》这样的框架将对制定促进公平增长、提升全社会个体福祉的政策至关重要。