game theory

简明释义

博弈论

英英释义

例句

1.The concept of Nash equilibrium is a fundamental principle in game theory.

纳什均衡的概念是博弈论中的一个基本原则。

2.In economics, many decisions can be analyzed using game theory.

在经济学中，许多决策可以通过博弈论进行分析。

3.In negotiations, applying game theory can lead to more favorable outcomes.

在谈判中，应用博弈论可以获得更有利的结果。

4.Strategic thinking in business often relies on game theory to predict competitor behavior.

商业中的战略思维通常依赖于博弈论来预测竞争对手的行为。

5.Many political strategies can be understood through the lens of game theory.

许多政治策略可以通过博弈论的视角来理解。

作文

In the realm of economics and social sciences, game theory is a crucial framework that helps to analyze strategic interactions among rational decision-makers. It provides a mathematical model for understanding how individuals or groups make decisions when their outcomes depend not only on their own choices but also on the choices of others. The concept of game theory was first introduced by mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern in their groundbreaking book 'Theory of Games and Economic Behavior' published in 1944. Since then, it has evolved into a fundamental part of various disciplines including economics, political science, psychology, and biology.At its core, game theory studies situations where players make decisions that are interdependent. This means that each player's payoff depends on the actions they take and the actions taken by others. For example, consider a classic scenario known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. In this game, two criminals are arrested and interrogated separately. They can either cooperate with each other by remaining silent or betray each other by confessing. The outcome for each player depends on the choice made by the other player. If both remain silent, they receive a light sentence; if one betrays while the other remains silent, the betrayer goes free while the other receives a heavy sentence; if both betray, they both receive moderate sentences. This illustrates how individual rationality can lead to a collectively suboptimal outcome.One of the significant contributions of game theory is the concept of Nash Equilibrium, named after mathematician John Nash. A Nash Equilibrium occurs when no player can benefit from changing their strategy while the other players keep their strategies unchanged. This situation often represents a state of balance in strategic interactions. In many real-world scenarios, such as market competition, political negotiations, and even social interactions, identifying the Nash Equilibrium can provide insights into the behavior and decisions of involved parties.Moreover, game theory extends beyond simple two-player games. It encompasses a wide range of applications, including cooperative games where players can form coalitions and non-cooperative games where players act independently. In cooperative games, players can negotiate binding contracts that allow them to achieve better outcomes collectively. In contrast, non-cooperative games focus on predicting individual strategies without the possibility of collaboration.The significance of game theory is evident in various fields. In economics, it helps to explain market dynamics and competition among firms. In political science, it aids in understanding voting behaviors, coalition formation, and international relations. Psychologists utilize game theory to study human behavior and decision-making processes, particularly in social dilemmas. Biologists apply it to evolutionary strategies, exploring how species adapt and survive in competitive environments.In conclusion, game theory serves as a powerful tool for analyzing strategic decision-making in various contexts. Its ability to model complex interactions among rational agents makes it invaluable across multiple disciplines. By understanding the principles of game theory, we can gain deeper insights into the motivations behind human behavior and the dynamics of competition and cooperation in society. As we continue to face increasingly complex challenges in our interconnected world, the relevance of game theory will undoubtedly grow, providing essential frameworks for decision-making and strategic planning.

在经济学和社会科学领域，博弈论是一个关键框架，有助于分析理性决策者之间的战略互动。它提供了一个数学模型，用于理解个人或团体在其结果不仅依赖于自己的选择而且也依赖于他人选择时如何做出决策。博弈论这一概念最早由数学家约翰·冯·诺依曼和经济学家奥斯卡·摩根斯坦在他们1944年出版的开创性著作《博弈理论与经济行为》中提出。从那时起，它已发展成为包括经济学、政治科学、心理学和生物学在内的多个学科的基本部分。_博弈论的核心是研究参与者之间的相互依赖决策的情境。这意味着每个参与者的收益不仅取决于他们自己的选择，还取决于其他参与者的选择。例如，考虑一个经典场景，称为囚徒困境。在这个游戏中，两名罪犯被逮捕并分别审问。他们可以选择通过保持沉默来互相合作，或者通过坦白来背叛对方。每个参与者的结果取决于另一个参与者的选择。如果两人都保持沉默，他们会受到轻微的惩罚；如果一人背叛而另一人保持沉默，背叛者将获得自由，而另一人将受到重罚；如果两人都背叛，他们都会受到适度的惩罚。这说明了个体理性如何导致集体次优的结果。博弈论的重要贡献之一是纳什均衡的概念，以数学家约翰·纳什的名字命名。纳什均衡发生在没有参与者能够通过改变其策略而在其他参与者保持其策略不变的情况下获益。这种情况通常代表战略互动中的一种平衡状态。在许多现实场景中，例如市场竞争、政治谈判甚至社会互动，识别纳什均衡可以提供有关相关方行为和决策的见解。此外，博弈论不仅限于简单的双人游戏。它涵盖了广泛的应用，包括合作博弈，其中参与者可以形成联盟，以及非合作博弈，其中参与者独立行动。在合作博弈中，参与者可以谈判具有约束力的合同，使他们能够共同实现更好的结果。相反，非合作博弈则侧重于预测个体策略，而不考虑合作的可能性。博弈论的重要性在各个领域中显而易见。在经济学中，它有助于解释市场动态和公司之间的竞争。在政治科学中，它有助于理解投票行为、联盟形成和国际关系。心理学家利用博弈论研究人类行为和决策过程，特别是在社会困境中。生物学家将其应用于进化策略，探索物种如何在竞争环境中适应和生存。总之，博弈论作为分析各种背景下战略决策的强大工具，其能力使其在多个学科中不可或缺。通过理解博弈论的原则，我们可以深入洞察人类行为背后的动机以及社会中竞争与合作的动态。随着我们继续面临日益复杂的挑战，博弈论的相关性无疑会增加，为决策和战略规划提供重要框架。