Coase theorem

简明释义

科斯定理

英英释义

例句

1.When discussing externalities, the Coase theorem provides a framework for understanding how private negotiations can resolve conflicts.

在讨论外部性时，科斯定理提供了一个框架，用于理解私人谈判如何解决冲突。

2.The Coase theorem highlights the importance of transaction costs in determining whether bargaining will lead to efficient outcomes.

科斯定理强调了交易成本在决定谈判是否能导致有效结果中的重要性。

3.According to the Coase theorem, if property rights are well-defined, parties can negotiate to reach efficient outcomes regardless of initial allocations.

根据科斯定理，如果财产权界定明确，各方可以通过谈判达成有效的结果，而与初始分配无关。

4.Real estate developers often rely on the Coase theorem to negotiate land use agreements with local communities.

房地产开发商通常依赖科斯定理与当地社区协商土地使用协议。

5.In a pollution case, the Coase theorem suggests that the factory and the residents could agree on compensation without government intervention.

在一起污染案件中，科斯定理表明工厂和居民可以在没有政府干预的情况下达成赔偿协议。

作文

The Coase theorem is a fundamental concept in economic theory that addresses the issue of externalities and resource allocation. Developed by economist Ronald Coase in his 1960 paper, it suggests that if property rights are well-defined and transaction costs are low, parties will negotiate to reach an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of rights. This theorem has profound implications for understanding how individuals and firms can resolve conflicts over resource use without government intervention.To illustrate the Coase theorem, consider a scenario involving a factory and a nearby residential area. If the factory emits pollution that affects the residents' quality of life, the residents could negotiate with the factory owner to either reduce emissions or compensate them for the inconvenience. According to the Coase theorem, as long as the negotiation costs are minimal and property rights are clearly defined—whether the residents have the right to clean air or the factory has the right to pollute—an efficient outcome can be achieved through bargaining.However, the real world often complicates this ideal scenario. In many cases, transaction costs can be high due to the number of parties involved, lack of information, or legal hurdles. For example, if there are numerous residents affected by the pollution, organizing them to negotiate effectively with the factory may prove difficult. This situation highlights a limitation of the Coase theorem: while it provides a theoretical framework for resolving externalities, it assumes conditions that may not hold true in practice.Furthermore, the Coase theorem emphasizes the importance of property rights in achieving efficient outcomes. When property rights are ambiguous or poorly defined, parties may struggle to negotiate effectively, leading to inefficient resource allocation. For instance, if the residents do not have a legal claim to clean air, they may lack the incentive to negotiate with the factory, resulting in ongoing pollution without compensation. Thus, establishing clear property rights is crucial for the Coase theorem to function as intended.In addition to its theoretical contributions, the Coase theorem has practical applications in various fields, including environmental economics, law, and public policy. Policymakers often reference the theorem when designing regulations aimed at reducing negative externalities. For example, cap-and-trade systems for carbon emissions rely on the idea that market participants can trade rights to pollute, thereby allowing for more efficient pollution reduction strategies.Critics of the Coase theorem argue that it oversimplifies complex social issues and overlooks the role of power dynamics in negotiations. In reality, those with more resources or political influence may dominate negotiations, leading to outcomes that favor their interests over those of less powerful parties. This critique underscores the importance of considering equity and justice alongside efficiency when analyzing resource allocation.In conclusion, the Coase theorem serves as a valuable lens through which to examine the interplay between property rights, externalities, and negotiation. While it offers insights into how parties can achieve efficient outcomes through bargaining, it also reveals the complexities and limitations inherent in real-world situations. Understanding the Coase theorem is essential for economists, policymakers, and anyone interested in the intricate dynamics of resource allocation and conflict resolution.

《科斯定理》是经济理论中的一个基本概念，涉及外部性和资源配置的问题。由经济学家罗纳德·科斯在其1960年的论文中提出，它表明，如果产权明确定义且交易成本低，双方将通过谈判达成有效的结果，无论最初的权利分配如何。这个定理对理解个人和企业如何在没有政府干预的情况下解决资源使用冲突具有深远的意义。为了说明科斯定理，考虑一个工厂和附近居民区的场景。如果工厂排放的污染影响了居民的生活质量，居民可以与工厂老板进行谈判，要么要求减少排放，要么要求就不便进行赔偿。根据科斯定理，只要谈判成本最低，产权明确——无论居民是否有权享受清洁空气，还是工厂有权污染——通过协商可以实现有效的结果。然而，现实世界常常使这一理想情景变得复杂。在许多情况下，由于涉及的各方数量、信息缺乏或法律障碍，交易成本可能很高。例如，如果受到污染影响的居民人数众多，组织他们有效地与工厂谈判可能会证明困难。这种情况突显了科斯定理的一个局限性：虽然它提供了一个解决外部性的理论框架，但它假设的条件在实践中可能并不成立。此外，科斯定理强调了产权在实现有效结果中的重要性。当产权模糊或定义不清时，各方可能难以有效谈判，导致资源配置效率低下。例如，如果居民没有法律权利享有清洁空气，他们可能缺乏与工厂谈判的动力，导致持续的污染而没有得到补偿。因此，建立明确的产权对于科斯定理按预期发挥作用至关重要。除了其理论贡献外，科斯定理在环境经济学、法律和公共政策等多个领域也具有实际应用。政策制定者在设计旨在减少负外部性的法规时，常常引用该定理。例如，碳排放的限额交易系统依赖于市场参与者可以交易污染权的理念，从而允许更有效的污染减少策略。科斯定理的批评者认为，它简化了复杂的社会问题，并忽视了谈判中权力动态的作用。在现实中，拥有更多资源或政治影响力的人可能主导谈判，导致有利于他们利益的结果。这一批评突显了在分析资源配置时，考虑效率与公平正义的重要性。总之，科斯定理为我们提供了一种有价值的视角，以审视产权、外部性和谈判之间的相互作用。虽然它为各方如何通过协商实现有效结果提供了见解，但它也揭示了现实世界情况中固有的复杂性和局限性。理解科斯定理对于经济学家、政策制定者以及任何对资源配置和冲突解决复杂动态感兴趣的人来说都是至关重要的。