contentious jurisdiction

简明释义

诉讼管辖

英英释义

例句

1.In international law, contentious jurisdiction refers to the power of a court to resolve disputes between states.

在国际法中，争议管辖权指的是法院解决国家之间争端的权力。

2.The court ruled on the matter of contentious jurisdiction, determining which court had the authority to hear the case.

法院裁定了关于争议管辖权的问题，决定了哪个法院有权审理此案。

3.The judge explained the principles of contentious jurisdiction to the jury.

法官向陪审团解释了争议管辖权的原则。

4.Understanding contentious jurisdiction is crucial for navigating complex legal systems.

理解争议管辖权对于驾驭复杂的法律体系至关重要。

5.The lawyer argued that the issue fell under contentious jurisdiction of the federal courts.

律师辩称，该问题属于联邦法院的争议管辖权。

作文

In the realm of international law, the concept of contentious jurisdiction plays a crucial role in resolving disputes between states. This term refers to the authority of a court or tribunal to hear and decide cases that involve conflicting claims from different parties. Understanding contentious jurisdiction is essential for comprehending how international legal systems function and how they seek to maintain peace and order among nations.The International Court of Justice (ICJ), established in 1945, is one of the primary institutions that exercises contentious jurisdiction. The ICJ settles legal disputes submitted by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. A significant aspect of its contentious jurisdiction is that it can only hear cases when both parties consent to its jurisdiction. This principle of consent is fundamental in international law, as it respects the sovereignty of states and ensures that no state is compelled to submit to the authority of the court against its will.One notable case that illustrates the exercise of contentious jurisdiction is the dispute between Nicaragua and the United States in the 1980s. Nicaragua brought a case against the U.S. for alleged violations of international law, including the use of force and intervention in its internal affairs. The ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua, emphasizing the importance of respecting national sovereignty and non-intervention principles. This case not only highlighted the role of contentious jurisdiction in adjudicating state disputes but also underscored the challenges faced by international courts in enforcing their rulings, particularly when powerful states are involved.Another example is the case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, where Bosnia and Herzegovina accused Serbia and Montenegro of committing genocide during the Bosnian War. The ICJ exercised its contentious jurisdiction to determine whether the acts constituted genocide and whether Serbia had violated its obligations under the Genocide Convention. The court ultimately found that while Serbia did not commit genocide, it failed to prevent it and punish those responsible. This ruling illustrated the complexities of contentious jurisdiction in addressing serious international crimes and the importance of accountability in international law.The effectiveness of contentious jurisdiction is often debated among scholars and practitioners. Critics argue that the reliance on state consent undermines the court's ability to address disputes effectively, especially when one party refuses to participate. Additionally, the enforcement of judgments remains a significant challenge; the ICJ has no direct means to compel compliance with its rulings. This limitation raises questions about the efficacy of international legal mechanisms and the role of power dynamics in global governance.In conclusion, contentious jurisdiction is a vital aspect of international law that facilitates the resolution of disputes between states. Through institutions like the ICJ, the international community seeks to promote justice, uphold the rule of law, and prevent conflicts. However, the challenges related to state consent and enforcement highlight the complexities involved in achieving effective dispute resolution in the international arena. As nations continue to navigate their relationships and address grievances, the role of contentious jurisdiction will remain a pivotal component in the pursuit of global peace and stability.

在国际法领域，争议管辖权的概念在解决国家之间的争端中发挥着至关重要的作用。这个术语指的是法院或法庭听取和裁决涉及不同当事人之间冲突主张的案件的权力。理解争议管辖权对于理解国际法律体系的运作以及它们如何寻求维护国家之间的和平与秩序至关重要。国际法院（ICJ）成立于1945年，是行使争议管辖权的主要机构之一。国际法院解决国家提交的法律争端，并就经授权的联合国机构和专业机构转交给它的法律问题提供咨询意见。其争议管辖权的一个重要方面是，它只能在双方同意其管辖权的情况下审理案件。这一同意原则是国际法中的基本原则，因为它尊重国家的主权，确保任何国家都不被迫在没有其意愿的情况下接受法院的权威。一个突出的案例是20世纪80年代尼加拉瓜与美国之间的争端。尼加拉瓜对美国提起诉讼，指控其违反国际法，包括使用武力和干涉其内政。国际法院裁定支持尼加拉瓜，强调尊重国家主权和不干涉原则的重要性。此案不仅突显了争议管辖权在裁决国家争端中的作用，也强调了国际法院在执行裁决时面临的挑战，特别是当涉及强国时。另一个例子是关于《防止和惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用案件，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那指控塞尔维亚和黑山在波斯尼亚战争期间犯下灭绝种族罪。国际法院行使其争议管辖权来确定这些行为是否构成灭绝种族罪，以及塞尔维亚是否违反了《灭绝种族公约》下的义务。法院最终发现，尽管塞尔维亚没有实施灭绝种族罪，但它未能防止这一罪行并惩罚责任人。这一裁决展示了在处理严重国际犯罪时争议管辖权的复杂性以及国际法中问责制的重要性。学者和从业者常常对争议管辖权的有效性进行辩论。批评者认为，依赖国家同意削弱了法院有效解决争端的能力，特别是在一方拒绝参与的情况下。此外，裁决的执行仍然是一个重大挑战；国际法院没有直接手段来强制遵守其裁决。这一局限性引发了关于国际法律机制有效性的质疑，以及全球治理中权力动态的作用。总之，争议管辖权是国际法的一个重要方面，促进了国家之间争端的解决。通过国际法院等机构，国际社会寻求促进正义，维护法治，防止冲突。然而，与国家同意和执行相关的挑战突显了在国际舞台上实现有效争端解决的复杂性。随着国家继续在其关系中导航和解决不满，争议管辖权的作用将继续成为追求全球和平与稳定的关键组成部分。