horizontal restraint

简明释义

水平约束

英英释义

例句

1.Regulators are investigating whether the agreement constitutes a horizontal restraint 横向限制 on competition.

监管机构正在调查该协议是否构成对竞争的横向限制 horizontal restraint。

2.Understanding horizontal restraint 横向限制 is crucial for businesses to ensure compliance with antitrust laws.

理解横向限制 horizontal restraint对于企业确保遵守反垄断法至关重要。

3.The court ruled that the pricing strategy was a form of horizontal restraint 横向限制 that harmed consumers.

法院裁定，该定价策略是一种损害消费者的横向限制 horizontal restraint形式。

4.Companies must be cautious when forming alliances to avoid engaging in horizontal restraint 横向限制 practices.

公司在形成联盟时必须谨慎，以避免参与横向限制 horizontal restraint行为。

5.The merger between the two companies raised concerns about potential horizontal restraint 横向限制 in the market.

这两家公司之间的合并引发了对市场上潜在的横向限制 horizontal restraint的担忧。

作文

In the realm of antitrust law, the term horizontal restraint refers to agreements or practices among competitors at the same level of the supply chain that restrict competition. These restraints can take many forms, including price-fixing, market allocation, and output restrictions. Such practices are viewed with skepticism by regulatory authorities because they can lead to higher prices, reduced innovation, and ultimately harm consumers. Understanding horizontal restraint is crucial for anyone interested in the dynamics of market competition and the legal frameworks that govern it.To illustrate the concept, consider a scenario where several companies within the same industry agree to set their prices at a certain level. This agreement eliminates price competition, leading to artificially inflated prices for consumers. This is a classic example of horizontal restraint as it involves direct competitors colluding to manipulate market conditions. Such actions not only violate antitrust laws but also undermine the principles of free enterprise that drive economic growth.Another form of horizontal restraint is market allocation, where competitors divide markets among themselves to avoid competing against each other. For instance, two companies might agree that one will sell products in the northern region while the other will focus on the southern region. This practice stifles competition and limits consumer choice, which is detrimental to the overall health of the economy.The implications of horizontal restraint extend beyond immediate market effects. When companies engage in such practices, they may also face legal repercussions, including hefty fines and damage to their reputation. Regulatory bodies like the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the United States actively monitor and investigate suspected violations of antitrust laws to maintain fair competition in the marketplace.From a broader perspective, the existence of horizontal restraint highlights the delicate balance between cooperation and competition in business. While companies often collaborate in various ways, such as through joint ventures or partnerships, these collaborations must be carefully structured to avoid crossing the line into anti-competitive behavior. Businesses must navigate this landscape thoughtfully, ensuring that their strategies promote healthy competition rather than stifle it.In conclusion, horizontal restraint plays a significant role in shaping market dynamics and influencing consumer welfare. By understanding the nature of these restraints, businesses can better align their practices with legal standards and ethical considerations. Moreover, consumers benefit from a competitive marketplace characterized by innovation, lower prices, and greater choices. As we continue to explore the complexities of market interactions, the concept of horizontal restraint serves as a vital reminder of the importance of maintaining fair competition in our economies.

在反垄断法领域，术语horizontal restraint指的是在供应链同一层级的竞争者之间达成的协议或实践，这些协议或实践限制了竞争。这些限制可以采取多种形式，包括价格固定、市场分配和产量限制。这些做法受到监管机构的怀疑，因为它们可能导致价格上涨、创新减少，并最终对消费者造成伤害。理解horizontal restraint对于任何对市场竞争动态及其法律框架感兴趣的人来说都是至关重要的。为了说明这一概念，可以考虑这样的场景：几个行业内的公司达成一致，设定某一水平的价格。这一协议消除了价格竞争，导致消费者支付的价格人为地抬高。这是horizontal restraint的经典例子，因为它涉及到直接竞争对手串通操纵市场条件。这种行为不仅违反了反垄断法，而且破坏了推动经济增长的自由企业原则。另一种形式的horizontal restraint是市场分配，其中竞争者在彼此之间划分市场，以避免相互竞争。例如，两家公司可能达成协议，一家将在北部地区销售产品，而另一家则专注于南部地区。这种做法抑制了竞争，限制了消费者选择，对整体经济的健康发展是有害的。horizontal restraint的影响超出了直接的市场效应。当公司参与这种做法时，它们还可能面临法律后果，包括巨额罚款和声誉损害。美国的联邦贸易委员会（FTC）等监管机构积极监测和调查涉嫌违反反垄断法的行为，以维护市场中的公平竞争。从更广泛的角度来看，horizontal restraint的存在突显了商业中合作与竞争之间的微妙平衡。虽然公司在各种方面经常进行合作，例如通过合资企业或伙伴关系，但这些合作必须经过仔细构建，以避免越过反竞争行为的界限。企业必须谨慎地驾驭这一环境，确保其战略促进健康竞争，而不是扼杀竞争。总之，horizontal restraint在塑造市场动态和影响消费者福利方面发挥着重要作用。通过理解这些限制的性质，企业可以更好地将其做法与法律标准和伦理考虑相一致。此外，消费者从一个以竞争为特征的市场中受益，这个市场以创新、低价和更多选择为特点。在我们继续探索市场互动的复杂性时，horizontal restraint的概念提醒我们保持经济中公平竞争的重要性。